論工業社會及其未來-過度社會化

OVERSOCIALIZATION

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Psychologists use the term “socialization” to designate the process by which children are trained to think and act as society demands. A person is said to be well socialized if he believes in and obeys the moral code of his society and fits in well as a functioning part of that society. It may seem senseless to say that many leftists are oversocialized, since the leftist is perceived as a rebel. Nevertheless, the position can be defended. Many leftists are not such rebels as they seem.

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過度社會化

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心理學家用「社會化」這個詞描述兒童被訓練按照社會的要求思考及行動的過程。一個被稱充分社會化的人相信並遵循身處社會的道德準則且良好的適應成為社會運作的一部份。說許多左派過度社會化看似無知，因為左派被認為是反叛者。然而，這種觀點可以被辯護。許多左派並不如看起來那般反叛。

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25

The moral code of our society is so demanding that no one can think, feel and act in a completely moral way. For example, we are not supposed to hate anyone, yet almost everyone hates somebody at some time or other, whether he admits it to himself or not. Some people are so highly socialized that the attempt to think, feel and act morally imposes a severe burden on them. In order to avoid feelings of guilt, they continually have to deceive themselves about their own motives and find moral explanations for feelings and actions that in reality have a non-moral origin. We use the term “oversocialized” to describe such people. [2]

[2] During the Victorian period many oversocialized people suffered from serious psychological problems as a result of repressing or trying to repress their sexual feelings. Freud apparently based his theories on people of this type. Today the focus of socialization has shifted from sex to aggression.

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25

我們社會的道德準則是如此苛刻以至於沒有人可以以完全道德的方式思考、感覺和行動。舉例來說，我們不應該討厭任何人，然而幾乎每個人都曾討厭過某個人或什麼的，不論自身是否承認。有些人是如此的高度社會化以至於道德地思考、感覺和行動的企圖對他們施加了沉重的負擔。為了要避免罪惡感，他們必須不斷地欺騙自己關於自己的動機並為事實上非道德起源的感受和行動找尋道德的解釋。我們使用「過度社會化」這個詞來描述這群人。[2]

[2] 在維多利亞時期許多過度社會化的人因壓抑或嘗試壓抑他們的性慾而遭受嚴重的心理問題。佛洛伊德顯然建構其理論根基於這類型的人之上。今日社會化的焦點已經從性轉移到侵略。