关于Dutch, Deutsch & German

西方法学史有一段从罗马法到教会法和日耳曼法的过渡，这其中同时体现了西语（西方语种）进化演变的渊源。

之前我一直觉得很纳闷，Dutch和Deutsch长得很像，为什么一个表示荷兰，一个表示德国，从发音上来说，Deutsch不难理解是德意志，German是日耳曼。通过词源和相关历史的检索，大致弄清楚了，其中的时间线，Deutch起源于德国起源Teuton条顿，而Dutch和German都是英语。

Dutch

late 14c., of language, "German, non-Scandinavian continental Germanic," also as a noun, "a German language;" also in Duche-lond "Germany." By mid-15c. distinguished into Higher and Lower, and used after c. 1600 in the narrower sense "Hollanders, residents of the Netherlands." From Middle Dutch duutsch, from Old High German duitisc, from Proto-Germanic *theudō "popular, national" (source of Modern German Deutsch), from PIE *teuta- "tribe" (compare Teutonic).

可见在14世纪后期，仍然是讲德国人，直到16世纪才开始指荷兰人。最终词源还是来自于Teutonic。

Deutsch

*teutā-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "tribe." It forms all or part of: Deutsch; Dutch; Plattdeutsch; Teuton; Teutonic.

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Old Irish tuoth "people," Old Lithuanian tauta "people," Old Prussian tauto "country," Oscan touto "community," German Deutsch, Gothic þiuda, Old English þeod "people, race, nation," Old English þeodisc "belonging to the people." But Boutkan says it is probably a substratum word.

Teutonic

1610s, "of or pertaining to the Germanic languages and to peoples or tribes who speak or spoke them," from Latin Teutonicus, from Teutones, Teutoni, name of a tribe that inhabited coastal Germany near the mouth of the Elbe and devastated Gaul 113-101 B.C.E., probably via Celtic from Proto-Germanic *theudanoz, from PIE root *teuta- "tribe."

Used in English in anthropology to avoid the modern political association of German; but in this anthropological sense French uses germanique and German uses germanisch, because neither uses its form of German for the narrower national meaning (compare French allemand, for which see Alemanni; and German deutsch, under Dutch). In Finnish, Germany is Saksa "Land of the Saxons."

The Teutonic Knights (founded c.1191) were a military order of German knights formed for service in the Holy Land, but who later crusaded in then-pagan Prussia and Lithuania. The Teutonic cross (1882) was the badge of the order.

词根应该是源自拉丁语的Teutonicus，Teutones，Teutoni，但是关于deutsch的词义，荷兰语的德国German是Deutsch。

结合条顿人的起源和播散，有三个比较重要的部族安格鲁撒克逊人和哥特人。可以引出整个西语系大致的渊源。希腊语——拉丁语（意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙）——日耳曼语系（英语（安格鲁撒克逊和凯尔特人）（德语（德国、奥地利、瑞士）荷兰、芬兰、瑞典、冰岛、丹麦、挪威等）

整个这段时间，古罗马法在征服古希腊后在其基础上归纳以及总结出《十二表法》到之后的《法学阶梯》具有完整性逻辑性抽象性的法典。到之后教会的出现，整个欧洲在整个中世纪教会法占据主导地位与日耳曼法产生交互影响，之后到英美海洋法系因为远离欧陆而得名，德国则代表的大陆法系受古罗马的法律的影响也体现在这个交融过程之中，在这个时期成文的法典，可见语言在这个过程中的影响和作用。